Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1062 Words

PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD History, Diagnosis, Presentation and Neurology and EEG and treatment Even though traumatic experiences were first discussed in the context of patients with hysteria , which had both psychological and somatic symptoms, by Freud, William James, and Pierre Janet, it was not until World war I that trauma was identified as a factor in mental health disorders by the professional mental health community. (Herman, 1997).Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was first incorporated as a diagnostic category by American Psychiatric Association in DSM-III In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association included posttraumatic stress disorder as a diagnostic category in the DSM-III (1980), the first time that trauma was†¦show more content†¦(DESNOS; Pelcovitz et al., 1997). The second trauma construct is complex trauma (CPTSD), as defined by Herman (1992, 1997) and Courtois (2008), with its emphasis on ongoing deleterious acts of violence, entrapment, or inadequate care, over an extended time period. Traumatic reactions, or symptoms, may include the triad of reexpe riencing, avoiding or numbing, and hyperarousal descriptive of PTSD, as listed in the DSM-IV-TR (2000), as well as the seven symptoms associated with complex trauma, or CPTSD (Courtois, 2008; Herman, 1992) which are Neurology of PTSD Ford (2009) describes the effects of trauma in childhood in the context of brain changing from learning to survival mode, which leads the individual who experienced trauma to be on high elert, more reactive, and unable to regulate their emotions. According to Ford (2003, p. 31), the developmental areas that get affected due to trauma are 1] attention and learning; [2] working (short-term), declarative (verbal), and narrative (autobiographical) memory; [3] emotion regulation; [4] personality formation and integration; and [5] relationships (attachment) The traumatic stressors also result in the over arousal of the limbic system, and this persistent arousal leads to undeveloped cortex, poor emotion regulation and poor cognitive skills. With the help of the

The God Of Genesis Biblical And Destruction Of Humankind

The book of Genesis explains the creation and destruction of humankind, whilst establishing Abraham as the primary patriarch. Exodus focuses on Moses as he guides the Hebrews out of Egypt and the rules the Hebrews must obey in order to thrive in Israel. The scriptures in Deuteronomy continue the description of the commandments. But, the book of Joshua deviates away from the focus of the previous chapters. Instead of the chain of power moving from the prophets and onto their sons, Joshua, Moses’ servant, becomes the new prophet. A family god focuses their attention onto the immediate bloodline, like in the case of Abraham’s lineage, as opposed to an overall population. The god of Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy and Joshua does not solely communicate with, and hand down power and knowledge to, the lineal descendants of a particular person, but to all of the Hebrews. The first instance of God communicating with a person who is not a bloodline descendent of Abraham takes places in Genesis. When Sarah is unable to conceive a child with Abraham, she sends her servant, Hagar, to produce a son with him. After the consummation, Hagar â€Å"looked with contempt at [Sarah]†, which offended Sarah (Genesis 16: 4). After this happens, God sends an angel to communicate with Hagar. She is given a similar promise as Abraham, that a great nation will be made of him (Genesis 12:2). Hagar is promised that her offspring will multiply so â€Å"that they cannot be counted for multitude† (Genesis 16:10). InShow MoreRelatedComparing Utnapishtim And Noah s Ark1148 Words   |  5 Pagesstory of Utnapishtim and the flood that is reminiscent of the Biblical account of Noah and the flood, both utilize symbolism of the flood, the structure to survive the flood, and the birds to establish the theme that though beings are destructive, some will thrive and flour ish. The flood is one of the many symbols that help the theme that although mankind is intolerable, some are chosen to live. The flood symbolizes death and rebirth. The gods decide that,â€Å"the uproar of mankind is intolerable...So† theyRead More1.Discuss Your Understanding Of The Human Person Within1309 Words   |  6 Pagesalso in the class has taught me the lovely God created the world and our human being. For my understand of the human person that has to change me, because what I have learned in the course I have right now. God created our human in his own image and give us the dominion over the earth. In Christian Anthropology class has also change and increasing my understanding of human and the creation of God, and to move me more understand deeply in the creation of God. Therefore, when I read the story of theRead MoreArticle Review On The World By Ted Rivera797 Words   |  4 Pages In Greek mythology, Giants fought against the Gods in an attempt to take power from Zeus. The Gigantomachia (Giant-War) is a Greek myth about a war for power between the Giants and the gods of Mount Olympus. Norse Mythology refers to the Giants as the Jotnar that conquered Asgard in The Battle of Ragnarok. The Hindu gods, The Vedas, came to Earth and their relations with human women produced Daityas, or Giants who fought with the Hindu gods over control of the Land. Daityas were later calledRead MoreDescription of The Divinity of the Scriptures1553 Words   |  7 PagesOld and New Testaments are given by the inspiration of God because, they complement each other, they declare prophecy and fulfillment, and God is revealed through them. The word â€Å"inspiration means breathed into. By [the term] â€Å"divine inspiration† of the Bible we mean that the Holy Spirit breathed into or guided God’s chosen servants who then made known the truth they received† (The Doctr ine We Adorn 6). This is how the Bible was constructed God inspiring and man writing it out. The scriptures of theRead MoreThe Ethical Teachings Of Judaism1390 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental ethics is the attempt to define a system of values to guide humans in the way that they treat the natural world. In Judaism, humankind are viewed as having an extremely significant relationship with the environment and Jews believe that God created the earth and everyone on it. Therefore because of this, it is important as adherents of Judaism to take care of the environment and use God’s creation sustainably. The midrash states that once the world is destroyed the damage is irreparableRead MoreEssay on Morality is Universal1235 Words   |  5 PagesMorality is Universal Throughout history, humankind has looked back to the past, to seek the truth about morals, religion, and how they both impact and define civilization. Stories and myths from ancient Greece show overbearing resemblance to our own Bible as both shun the many temptations of our soul either by teaching the value of a characteristic or warning of the ill fruits reaped. Dante Alighieri revealed in his Divine Comedy that Pride, Envy, and Avarice are the three sparks, [theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesGilgamesh’s society the divine are intertwined with humanity. This is shown both within each individual and through the physical superiority of kings of the cities in the country. The people could talk openly to the gods and the gods heard their ‘plaints’ and responded to them. The gods were integral to the community as shown in tablet I. lines 245-290, here Gilgamesh spoke open to his mother Ninsun the ‘Wild Cow’. They could be nurturing, as a mother to a son, or they could as shown later in thisRead MoreThe Importance Of Nature And Its Destruction1239 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern, â€Å"civilized† Westerner is inculcated with a mode of thinking that precludes such an equilibrium with the environment. As such, the realities of the nonhuman world fail to have eminence; the importance of nature, and of its destruction, tragically eludes humankind. Such Western antagonism toward nature creates an impasse that not only sunders physical and spiritual well-being, but also threatens humanity’s delicate interspecies relationships, as well as interactions among human beings. PerhapsRead MoreDo the Gods Love Humanity? Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that their gods love them, that they were created in the image of their gods to be inheritors, to one day join them in immortality, or even just as children who are loved and cared for. However, when examining the texts of ancient civilizations that offer stories about god to human interaction, it becomes questionable whether or not the gods actually had any sort or regard for humans other than as a pet or a servant. Assuming that the human interpretation of actions of the gods is factual, eventsRead MoreDiscuss The Critical Pentateuchal Authorship Arguments ( Fragmentary, Supplementary, And Documentary )3566 Words   |  15 PagesDiscuss the critical Pentateuchal authorship arguments (fragmentary, supplementary, and documentary). Include the names of significant scholars. When it says ‘pentateuchal, it is talking about the first five books of the bible. These includes Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; in that order. In the article Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch from Theopedia.com says that not only are the first five books referred to as the ‘Books of Moses’ but there are a lot of different sources

Public And Political Debate Essay - 1597 Words

According to Gaber [2013:1] ‘the quality of public and political debate, deliberation and participation has been in systematic decline for over three decades’ and through study of the central links and networks between media and the democratic process it has become fundamentally tangible that this is no exaggeration. This short essay will explore the multitude of evidence which leads many academics to this supposition, from the relationships between politicians, journalists and citizens to the emergence of new politics and the potential reasons for declines in interest in politics in connection with the news media. Moreover, it will discuss the theories which align this evidence alongside palpable consequences and attempts to repair in order to encourage a ‘reactive Western formal political system’ [Dahlgren, 2006] to regain itself in today’s ‘crisis school’ [2013:2]. The implicit relationship between voting citizens and politicians is be coming progressively less authentic and sincere with time, in conjunction with ‘an unwelcome shift in the balance of power between them’ [McNair, 2012]. The natural assumption lies with the concept of political participation growing through a contrived mutual trust and acts of dedication to one another; politicians actively promise to commit themselves to the citizens who deem their pronouncements and principles worthy, and citizens put their livelihoods and values in the hands of the government that democracy has provided affordanceShow MoreRelatedReligion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions and Political Debate889 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, Religion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions Political Debate (1997), is a presentation of a debate between two foremost thinkers who argue about the place that religion should have in the public forum, more specifically in politics. Robert Audi argues that citizens in a free democracy should make a difference between religion and between secular aspects or state and give them two separate domains. The one has nothing to do with the other and for each to be functioningRead MoreMedias Influence On The Political World1041 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia plays a considerable role in the political world. The media gives people access to be able to determine which political party they want to be a part of, develop outlooks on government parties and decisions, and manage their own personal interests. The newspaper, TV, radio, social media, and other online media, are one of the leading factors, if not thee leading factor in political communication and fund-raising. The media’s influence on the political world has shattered the mold in terms ofRead MoreThe Power Of Television Images : The First Kennedy Nixon Debate Revised989 Words   |  4 Pageshas. Print ads, radio shows, television interviews, magazine articles and debates all have a degree of effectiveness on a voting demographic. Mastering the media effects on the people that are to be influenced is the key to successful communication of ideas and a successful political career. James Druckman in â€Å"The Power of Television Images: the first Kennedy-Nixon debate revised† looks at how television affects political behavior. Druckman’s (2003) hypothesis is that television viewers will beRead MorePost-Cold War US Foreign Policy1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbalance with which the US had to meet toe to toe created a public and internal government demand for reduction of spending and investment in the US armed forces and also a point of access that changed the manner in which the US attempted to influence and redirect foreign nations (Saull, 2007, p. 180). According to Saul: The collapse of Soviet communism and disintegration of the USSR ushered in a systemic transformation in the structure and political character of the international system. The socio-economicRead More The Role of Television in American Politics Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican public and presidential elections that allows the candidate to appear more human and accountable for their actions; consequently this has made television a positive influence on presidential elections. But it has also had a negative affect on elections, making presidential candidates seem like celebrities at times and making it easier to publicize mistakes made by candidates. Television can be viewed as the medium between the public and candidate. It is the source that allows the public toRead MoreCO2 is NOT Pollution Essay example1492 Words   |  6 Pagesevent re-energized the climate change debate and created a public relations nightmare for both the CRU and anthropogenic climate change proponents. Dubbed Climategate by climate change opponents in reference to Watergate, this leak has significantly altered the debate about climate change without adding any additional meteorological data. Therefore, the statements and data contained within the emails and documents are not responsible for the shift in the debate. Instead, the application of ethosRead MoreA Reflection On Government And Its Role On Markets And The Economy986 Words   |  4 Pages Chris Surfus Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6650 Public Policy: Theory and Research Professor Dr. Udaya Waglà © January 27, 2015 A Reflection on Government and Its Role on Markets and the Economy The authors of the literature discuss the roles of the government and the market, and that is what this reflection will entail. Furthermore, it will entail the changing public policy landscape in regards to the free market and individual stakeholdersRead MoreThe Public And Private Sphere1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe understanding of the public and private spheres has been part of a number of debates in different areas of academia, particularly in political theory and international relations. The concept of civil society emerges from this debate in an attempt to understand the formations of people outside of the private sphere. In this sense, I want to explore the development and expansion of this concept. In order to do that, I will explore the contributions of Jà ¼rgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser to the conceptualizationRead MoreDo Public Debates Help Or Hurt Candidate Success?868 Words   |  4 PagesDo public debates help or hurt candidate success in US presidential elections? The date was September 26 1960, at exactly 7:30 p.m., somewhat an unfamiliar young and Catholic Senator from Massachusetts was about to change the world. One of the most unusual points on the timeline of history where things changed very drastically all in a single night, was about to change the political domain and of course the world. Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon was about to partake on anRead MoreDemocracy Is Not An Exception1681 Words   |  7 Pagesinterweave fragmented individuals on cyberspace, then this organized public might be a driving force for democratic involvement. However, opponents say that there might be some obscure correlation between the use of social media and participation in democratic activities. In this essay, I will investigate two ideas. Firstly, Will new media really lead to more participation in most countries? Secondly, will the quality of public participation in democracy mediated by new media be poor or not? As

Theme Of Women In Medea - 1850 Words

In most Greek tragedy, it is clear that females are not vital in society. Women are rather a necessity for the birth of new citizens and seen as just the vessels for carrying children. Greek cultural values depict women as subservient to men given no chance or opportunities to participate in society. The female is not considered to be part of Greek democracy because she is perceived to be dishonest and frankly her entire life is then masked by the masculinities that this society tends to favor. Thus, it is important to note the frustrations this belittling of expression brings upon females in these tragedies. In Euripides’s Medea, we can observe the fascination of women and the effects being subordinate to their male counterparts has in†¦show more content†¦In the speech to the chorus Medea recites, â€Å"The Suffering I have endured, endured, calling for bitter lament aloud!† (111-112). This line is significant because right from the beginning of the play Mede a acknowledges what befalls her as a woman. She speaks out against the status of women in society and emphasizes the lack of control they have over their marriages. Her â€Å"bitter lament† is a cry for relief on behalf of all Greek women. It is additionally important to notice why the chorus is specified in the play as the â€Å"Chorus of Corinthian women†. This highlights Medea’s status as a foreigner and underlines her isolation in Corinth. Thus, even as a foreigner to the city of Corinth, Medea empathizes with the ordinary woman and the chorus which when recalled consist of only women. Furthermore, Medea touches upon more flaws of her society when she states, â€Å"We women are the most beset by trials of any species that has breath and power of thought.† (230-231). Here the word â€Å"beset† is used to compare females to other species. The word carries a noticeably negative connotation and further supports the argument that perhaps the female to death dichotomy is not natural, but rather an inability for men to appreciate women for their passions to love. Loyalty and patience are virtues Medea seems to cherish most. She notes again that as womenShow MoreRelated Love and Deception in Medea, by Euripides Essay507 Words   |  3 PagesLove and Deception in Medea, by Euripides There are many pieces of literature that may entail more than one theme throughout the story. The tragedy, Medea, by Euripides is very good example of this. Throughout this story, the themes of betrayal and love, revenge, and women’s rights arise. Euripides brings these points up to help the reader to realize that women are powerful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Betrayal is a very important theme throughout this story. Her husband Jason betrays Medea, when he abandons herRead MoreWomen and Femininity in Medea1032 Words   |  5 PagesWomen and Femininity in Medea Women’s rights movements have made incredible progress in recent times. Although there are many countries around the world where women are facing political and social unjustness, the social class of women in ancient Greece of 5th century BCE was solely grounded by patriarchal ideologies. The Greek playwright Euripides creates a persistent character Medea, in his classic tragedy Medea. Today, scholars study this relentless protagonist who has become an eternal andRead MoreA Dream Of Passion By Euripides Medea And Apollonius s Argonautika1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe character Medea is a well known character throughout Greek culture due to Euripides’s Medea and Apollonius’s Argonautika. Jules Dassin’s A Dream of Passion presents the story of Medea in a modern way, allowing myth and reality to intertwine. Because the film is based on the myth, the two main characters in the film, Maya and Brenda, share many qualities to Medea, such as killing of their chil dren. Common themes, such as the position of women in society, are also presented in both mediums. TheseRead MoreAnalysis Of Medea845 Words   |  4 PagesThe first person point of view can be found in the beginning of the work, for example, when Medea says â€Å"I hate this life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Puchner, pg. 532, line 150). By Euripides using the second person point of view, it allows the readers to connect to the characters on a more personal basis for example, Medea says â€Å"†¦ you’ve made threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Puchner, pg. 536, line 294). An example of the third person point of view is Medea telling Jason that â€Å"he’s such an idiot† (Puchner, pg. 537, line 379). By there being multipleRead MoreEvaluation of Euripides Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages Euripides has met the conventions of Attic Tragedy up to a particular extent. Although he was often criticised for his work, he followed the structure and cycles of the traditional tragedy. However, his stance on the themes and ideas set him apart from the other writers. It is unreasonable to compare Euripides with the traditional writers of Attic tragedy without understanding his attitude and the reason for this attitude. Although he was only fifteen yearsRead MoreBinary Oppositions Vs. Evil1190 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever tried to examine a piece of writing? Did you see a connection between characters, plots, themes? One thing you might not have noticed is binary oppositions. Now all readers will see some universal oppositions such as good vs. evil, but as Corey Martin said in his paper there are many oppositions in literature, some are noticeable, some are not. Now why would a reader want to look for binary oppositions in literature? Quite simply binary oppositions add some familiarity to the workRead More Binary Oppisition Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesBinary Opposition In Greek tragedy there are many themes that are contrasted with each other. This is known as binary opposition, which s defined as a contrast of themes that are the opposite poles of each other. There are many conflicts in Euripides’ Medea and Bacchae: perhaps the three most conspicuous oppositions are rational versus irrational, foreigner versus natives, and stereotypical dichotomy of female and male. The first binary opposite in Euripides plays are rational versus irrationalRead MoreWhat Is the Role of the Chorus in Medea? Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesIn Medea an essential character is the chorus of Corinthian women. They help obtain Euripides truly genius paradox of achieving empathy from the readers for a mother who sheds her own childrens blood. One of the major turning points in the play is when Medea asks for the chorus of womens silence as she contrives an evil plot to gain revenge. They agree immediately and are henceforth wrapped up in the play and the malicious plot. This I promise. You are right, Medea, / In paying your husbandRead MoreMedea Plot Analysis1392 Words   |  6 PagesMedea is an ancient Greek tragedy play written by Euripides. The play bases itself on the ancient myth of Jason and Medea. The plays plot centers itself on the actions of Medea who was the Barbarians former prince who seeks revenge against Jason who betrayed her with another woman. Co nsidered as one the best work produced by Euripides, the play has earned the writer several awards including the Dionysian festival awards in 431BCE (Williamson 1) Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discussRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Euripides Medea And Ovid s Metamorphoses, Medea, And Juno898 Words   |  4 Pageshave caused. In Euripides’ Medea and Ovid’s’ Metamorphoses, Medea and Juno exhibit vengeance to defend their dignity. Primary Source In Euripides’ Medea, Medea is very furious because Juno left her and her children to remarry the princess. Medea does not accept the betrayal and demands punishment for leaving her after all she has done for him. Creon is aware â€Å"I’m afraid of you. You could hurt my daughter, even kill her. Every indication points that way†(793). Medea knew she was going to exile and

Apollo 13 A Successful Failure Essay Example For Students

Apollo 13: A Successful Failure Essay During a modification of Oxygen Tank No. 2 by NASA contractor, North American Rockwell, it was inadvertently dropped about 2 inches, which caused undetected damage to the interior assemblies. This damage eventually led the failure of the $400-million Apollo 13 mission. The crew of Apollo 13 was responsible for several scientific experiments that were to be carried out during the mission. Atmospheric electrical phenomena experiments were designed to study certain aspects of launch-phase electricalphenomena.An opportunity to study large mass impact phenomena on the Moon was available with this mission. Instead of sending the third stage of the launch vehicle into solar orbit, as had been done on previous missions, the trajectory of the Apollo 13 S-IVB was designed to cause it to hit the lunar surface.Equipment set up during the Apollo 12 mission would have been used to record the seismic signals.The crew was also assigned to install a heat flow experiment designed to measure the amount of heat coming from the inside of the Moon. This data would be used to determine whether the Moon actually had a molten core. This would provide new insight on the internal structure of the Moon. The Apollo spacecraft (CM) was named Odyssey and the lunar module (LM), A quarius. The CM was a conical pressure vessel with a maximum diameter of 3.9 m at its base and a height of 3.65 m. The CM was divided into three compartments, forward, aft, and the crew compartment. The forward compartment, in the nose of the cone, contained the three 25.4 m diameter main parachutes, two 5 m drogue parachutes, and pilot mortar chutes for Earth landing.The aft compartment, at around the base of the CM, contained propellant tanks, reaction control engines, wiring, and plumbing.Most of the volume of the CM, approximately 6.17m, is in the crew compartment. The lunar module was a two-stage vehicle designed for space operations near and on the Moon.The LM was originally designed to support two astronauts for 45 hours. The crew Commander was 42-year-old Navy Captain James A. Lovell, Jr. Lovells partner on the moon, the lunar module pilot, was Fred Haise, Jr. Assigned to remain in lunar orbit aboard Odyssey, the command module pilot, Navy Lieutenant Commander Thomas K. Matt ingly. Five days before the launch date of April 11th, it was discovered that a member of the backup crew, Air Force Major Charles M. Duke, Jr., had come down with rubella (German measles).The prime crew was given blood tests to determine if they had immunity. Lovell and Haise were cleared, but Mattingly was not. Having recently been exposed to rubella and because it was likely that he could get sick in flight, he was replaced with 34-year-old John L Swigert, Jr., who did have immunity. A test pilot, Swigert had a mechanical engineering degree from the University of Colorado and a Master of Science degree in aerospace science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The crew of Apollo 13 was boosted off Pad 39A of the Kennedy Space Center, right on time, at 2:13p.m., Easter Standard Time, Saturday, April 11, 1970. From the sounds, sights, and vibrations given off by the Saturn 5, the most powerful rocket in the world, everything seemed to be going smoothly to the casual observer. However, thi s was not the case. A series of minor flaws appeared during powered flight up through the atmosphere. Although not directly related, but precursors of the disaster to come two days later as the crew approached the Moon. During the firing of the Saturn 5s second stage, the center engine in a cluster of five cut off 132 seconds early as a result of unusually large oscillations in thrust chamber pressure. This caused the remaining four engines to burn 34 seconds longer than planned.This would, hopefully, take the vehicle to the planned acceleration at second stage cutoff. Even with this compensation, the velocity was 223 feet per second lower than planned. Again, the guidance computer attempted to correct this by causing the third stage, the S4B, to burn its single engine 9 seconds longer than programmed. Two hours and 35 minutes after launch, the crew fired the S4B a second time for a translunar injection.Once out of Earth orbit, Lovell performed a transposition maneuver. He moved the command module away from the S4B, turned it around, and docked nose first with the lunar module, still encapsulated in the forward section of the S4B. Once the maneuver was complete and the Lunar Module was secured to the Apollo command module, the crew activated springs that pushed the LM-Apollo stack away from the S4B. As the stack moved away from the S4B, controllers at Houston directed it to its predetermined lunar crash site.At this point, all was well and the crew went on as planned. At 9 p.m. on April 13th, Mission Control asked the crew to roll the spacecraft to the right about 60 degrees and try to photograph a comet named Benntt was supposed to be visible.They were also asked to stir the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in the service module tanks in order to ensure proper feed to the fuel cell batteries, in which oxygen and hydrogen were mixed to produce electricity and as a by-product, water. Overpopulation 2 EssayThe root of this accident can be traced back to 1966, when the Beech Aircraft Corp. manufactured Tank No. 2. According to NASA, acceptance testing showed that heat was leaking into the tank at a higher rate than specifications permitted.After some reworking, the leakage was reduced, but was still considered to be unacceptable by the agency. The tank was finally accepted after a formal waiver of this discrepancy.Several other discrepancies that were regarded as minor by space agency inspectors were also accepted, according to NASA. These included oversized holes in the tank dome and electrical plug support and an oversized rivet hole in the heater assembly just above the lower fan. None of these items was regarded as serious in 1966 and none had anything to do with the explosion 4 years later. But they were symptomatic of a tendency toward oversight in which a more serious discrepancy could occur, undetected. After it was shipped to North America, Tank No. 2, serial number 10024X-TA0009 , was first installed in service module 106 for the flight of Apollo 10. However, Tank No. 2 was removed from this flight because of a decision by NASA to modify vacuum pump on the tank dome. The modification required the removal of the oxygen tanks and the shelf on which they were mounted in the Service Module. As Tank No. 2 was being removed, it was accidentally dropped about 2 inches. Testing showed this accident caused no apparent damage to the tank. After the vacuum pump modifications, the tank was installed in service module 109 for the flight of Apollo 13. Several weeks before each Apollo launch at the Kennedy Space Center, a countdown demonstration test series is carried out to detect any problems before the final countdown starts. During the demonstration test for Apollo 13, ground crews reported a problem in Tank No. 2. It could be filled normally, but could not be emptied in the normal way, by pumping gaseous oxygen into the vent line to push the liquid oxygen out through the fill line. This worked perfectly for Tank No.1, but not for Tank No. 2. Ground crews thought there was a loose fitting that allowed the gaseous oxygen being pumped in the vent line to escape through the fill line with out pushing out much liquid oxygen in the tank. Later, the possibility that the fitting had been loosened when the tank was dropped at North American months before was considered to be a possible cause of the problem. To empty the tanks, the ground crew turned on the heaters and fans to try to boil the oxygen from the tank. On March 27 and 28 the heaters and fans were turned on by applying 65 volts of direct current from the ground power supply for extended periods of 6 to 8 hours at a time. Unknown to the ground crew, this had set stage for the accident. The 65 volts was far too much for the thermostatic switches that controlled the heaters. They were designed to operate on 28 volts from the spacecraft fuel cell generators. Although the switches would carry 65 volts when closed, they would fail in the closed position if they started to ope n to interrupt the load. At one point, the switches did start to open and were then welded shut during the long period when the heaters were operating with 65 volts to boil the oxygen out of the tank. The failure of the thermostatically controlled switches allowed temperatures in the heater assembly to reach 1000F instead of shutting the heaters off at 80F. The fact that the safety switches had been welded shut and hence were not operating could have been detected at the Kennedy Space Center if someone had been watching heater current readings on Tank No. 2. Sensors would have shown that the heaters had exceeded that safety switch temperature limit. The blueprint for the accident was finally drawn by the Review Board. Because of a bump one day in the fall of 1969, a fitting might have been loosened. Because of that, a tank could not be emptied properly. Because of that, a ground crew applied the wrong voltage to the tank heaters. Because of an inadequate switch, overheating occurred, burning insulation off electrical wiring. Because of that, the wires eventually short circuited and a $400-million mission was aborted. BibliographyBibliographyCompton, David. Apollo 13: A Successful Failure.https://www.liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/History/Apollo-13/Mission-Report.html. Davis, William. Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM). http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1970-029A.htmlDumoulin, Jim. Apollo-13. https://www.science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo.htmlHoward, Ron. Apollo 13. Universal Pictures. 1995. Lewis, Richard S. The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon. Toronto:Fitzhenry ; Whiteside, Ltd., 1974. Neal, Valerie, Cathleen S. Lewis, and Frank H. Winter. Spaceflight. New York:Macmillian, 1995.

Diet and Nutrition for Asthma in a Child free essay sample

Food allergy can cause both immediate and delayed patterns of asthma. Some common foods that might cause asthma are eggs, milk, cheese, peanuts, soy, yeast, wheat, preservatives and colourings. Egg: Egg is one of the most allergenic of all foods, and small amounts of egg could result in asthma symptoms within minutes, including anaphylaxis. According to Asthma Foundation, it is a myth that milk or other dairy products will increase the amount of mucus in the airways. However, some scientific suggested that dairy foods may help protect children against becoming asthmatic. In a study of over 3,000 pre-school kids, investigators found that children who taken dairy product daily had significantly lower asthma symptoms than children who didn’t eat dairy foods every day (Nutrition Australia, 2009). According to Nutrition Australia (2009) that it is not true milk causes mucus production. Some people may experience a thin, temporary coating over the mouth and throat after drinking milk, which is often mistaken for mucus. We will write a custom essay sample on Diet and Nutrition for Asthma in a Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dairy foods are important source of bone-building nutrients, from calcium and phosphorus through to protein, which are particularly important for growing children and teens. Wheat: Wheat is the most allergenic of all cereals. Some preservatives and additives may inflame asthma. Sulphur dioxide and sodium benzoate often cause tight chests in individuals who have asthma It is vital for asthmatic children to maintain their diet by having a variety of breads and cereals, fruits and vegetables, lean meats or meat alternatives, and dairy foods such as milk, cheese and yogurt.